Botrytis: Biology, Pathology and Control

The book is the result of intensive work of 43 authors, all of them leading scientists in the Botrytis sciences. Each chapter describes a particular aspect of fungal biology and its impact on disease processes and host response. New technologies have arisen that when applied to long-standing problems or to test new hypotheses have been most rewarding and many of these are covered in this book. The chapters are cross linked so that readers can follow associated material.

Preface.- Acknowledgements.- Contributors.-

1: Botrytis spp. and diseases they cause in agricultural systems – an introduction; Yigal Elad, Brian Williamson, Paul Tudzynski and Nafiz Delen.- 1 Introduction. 2. Geographical and ecological occurrence. 3. Variability and adaptability. 4. Quiescent, restricted and aggressive infection. 5. Molecular basis of host-parasite interactions. 6. References.

2: The Ecology of Botrytis on Plant Surfaces; Gustav Holz, Sonja Coertze and Brian Williamson.- 1. Introduction. 2. Survival. 3. Inoculum production and dispersal. 4. Growth on plant surfaces. 5. Infection pathways on diverse plant organs. 6. Conclusion. 7. References.

3: Taxonomy and Genetic Variation of Botrytis and Botryotinia; Ross E. Beever and Pauline L. Weeds.- 1. Introduction. 2. Taxonomy. 3. Botrytis cinerea. 4. Genetics of other species of Botrytis. 5. The future. 6. Acknowledgements. 7. References.

4: Approaches to Molecular Genetics and Genomics of Botrytis; Paul Tudzynski and Verena Siewers.- 1. Introduction. 2. Generation of transgenic Botrytis strains. 3. Unbiased gene cloning systems. 4. Perspectives. 5. Acknowledgements. 6. References.

5: Morphology and Cellular Organisation in Botrytis Interactions with Plants; Klaus B. Tenberge.- 1. Introduction. 2. Cytology and ultrastructure of Botrytis. 3. Imaging of infection. 4. Host response. 5. Conclusions. 6. Acknowledgements. 7. References.

6: Signalling in Botrytis cinerea; Bettina Tudzynski and Christian Schulze Gronover.- 1. Introduction. 2. Ga subunits of hetrotrimeric G proteins. 3. cAMP signalling pathway. 4. MAP kinase pathways. 5. Genes of the Ras superfamily. 6. Calcineurin/cyclophilin A signalling. 7. Putative transmembrane receptor proteins. 8. Two-component signal transduction genes in Botrytis cinerea. 9. Further protein kinase encoding genes with unknown function. 10. Conclusion. 11. References.

7: Extracellular Enzymes and Metabolites Involved in Pathogenesis of Botrytis; Ilona Kars and Jan A.L. van Kan.- 1. Introduction. 2. Penetration of the host surface. 3. Killing of host cells. 4. Conversion of host tissue into fungal biomass. 5. Other enzymes potentially involved in pathogenesis. 6. Concluding remarks. 7. Acknowledgements. 8. References.

8: Botrytis cinerea Perturbs Redox Processes as an Attack Strategy in Plants; Gary D. Lyon, Bernard A. Goodman and Brian Williamson.- 1. Introduction. 2. Hydrogen peroxide and other AOS. 3. Low molecular mass antioxidant molecules. 4. Perturbation of free radical chemistry as a result of Botrytis infection. 5. Production of oxalic acid. 6. Dynamics of iron redox chemistry. 7. Regulation of plant enzymes. 8. Botrytis-derived enzymes. 9. Generation of lipid peroxidation products. 10. Host signalling and programmed cell death. 11. Fungus-derived metabolites. 12. Conclusion. 13. Acknowledgements. 14. References.

9: Plant Defence Compounds against Botrytis Infection; Peter van Baarlen, Laurent Legendre and Jan A.L. van Kan.- 1. Introduction. 2. Antimicrobial secondary metabolites. 3. Tolerance of Botrytis to antifungal metabolites. 4. Structural barriers and cell wall modifications. 5. Pathogenesis-related proteins. 6. Concluding remarks. 7. Acknowledgements. 8. References.

10: Phytohormones In Botrytis-Plant Interactions; Amir Sharon, Yigal Elad, Radwan Barakat and Paul Tudzynski.- 1. Introduction. 2. Biosynthesis of plant hormones by B. cinerea. 3. Effect of plant hormones on B. cinerea and on disease development. 4. Conclusions. 5. Acknowledgement. 6. References.

11: Detection, Quantification and Immunolocalisation of Botrytis species; Frances M. Dewey (Molly) and David Yohalem.- 1. Introduction. 2. Classical plating out method. 3. Immunological methods. 4. Nucleic acid-based methods. 5. Other detection methods. 6. Concluding remarks. 7. References.

12: Chemical Control of Botrytis and its Resistance to Chemical Fungicides; Pierre Leroux.- 1. Introduction. 2. Fungicides affecting respiration. 3. Anti-microtubule fungicides. 4. Fungicides affecting osmoregulation. 5. Fungicides whose activity is reversed by methionine. 6. Sterol biosynthesis inhibitors. 7. Multi-drug resistance in Botrytis cinerea and fungal transporters. 8. Conclusions. 9. References.

13: Microbial control of Botrytis spp.; Yigal Elad and Alison Stewart.- 1. Introduction. 2. Biocontrol agents and their mechanisms of action. 3. Commercial implementation. 4. Discussion. 5. References.

14: Epidemiology of Botrytis cinerea in Orchard and Vine Crops; Philip A.G. Elmer and Themis J. Michailides.- 1. Introduction. 2. Sources of primary inoculum for host infections. 3. Flower to fruit infection pathways. 4. The phenomenon of latency in B. cinerea epidemiology. 5. Factors predisposing host tissues to B. cinerea. 6. Effect of plant nutrition on B. cinerea epidemics. 7. Host management factors and B. cinerea epidemics. 8. Effect of growing system. 9. Conclusions. 10. Dedication. 11. Acknowledgements. 12. References.

15: Botrytis Species on Bulb Crops; James Lorbeer, J. Ernst Van Den Ende, Marjan De Boer and Alison Seyb.- 1. Introduction. 2. Botrytis species attacking onion. 3. Botrytis species attacking flower bulbs. 4. Conclusions. 5. References.

16: Biology and Management of Botrytis spp. in Legume Crops; Jenny A. Davidson, Suresh Pande, Trevor W. Bretag, Kurt D. Lindbeck and Gali Krishna-Kishore.- 1. Introduction. 2. Chickpeas. 3. Lentils. 4. Faba beans. 5. Other legume crops. 6. Conclusion.-7. References.

17: Epidemiology of Botrytis cinerea Diseases in Greenhouses; Aleid J. Dik and Jos P. Wubben.- 1. Introduction. 2. Botrytis cinerea-incited diseases in greenhouse crops. 3. Factors that influence B. cinerea-incited epidemics in greenhouse crops. 4. Damage relationships. 5. Concluding remarks. 6. References.

18: Rational Management of Botrytis-Incited Diseases: Integration of Control Measures and Use of Warning Systems; Dani Shtienberg.- 1. Introduction. 2. Reduction of fungicide use by optimal timing of spraying. 4. Integration of chemical and non-chemical control measures guided by a warning system. 5. Implementation of rational approaches for management of Botrytis-incited diseases on a large scale. 6. Concluding remarks. 7. References.

19: Post-Harvest Botrytis Infection: Etiology, Development and Management; Samir Droby and Amnon Lichter.- 1. Introduction. 2. Etiology of post-harvest botrytis rots. 3. Botrytis on major crops. 4. Conclusions and future prospects. 5. Acknowledgment. 6. References.

20: Innovative Biological Approaches to Botrytis Suppression; Henrik U. Stotz, Yigal Elad, Ann L.T. Powell and John M. Labavitch.- 1. Introduction. 2. Potential use of natural genetic resources for Botrytis resistance breeding. 3. The promise of manipulating defence gene expression. 4. Exploitation of aspects of induced resistance for control of Botrytis cinerea infection: The potential for gene discovery. 5. Improvement of microbial control agents for better disease suppression. 6. Acknowledgement. 7. References